(RESEARCH PROPOSAL) EVALUATING QUALITY OF SERVICE DELIVERY IN Essay

(RESEARCH PROPOSAL) EVALUATING QUALITY OF SERVICE DELIVERY IN MARKETING OF BANKING SERVICES IN NIGERIACASE STUDY OF BANK PHB PLC (NIGERIA) - Essay Example Specific emphasis will be given to Bank PHB which is one of the most influential and successful banks in this country. (Obafunmilayo, 2007) All banks in any part of the world are expected to provide efficient payment systems, conduct financial mediation and serve as platforms for implementation of monetary policies. Consequently, countries whose banks are able to perform these functions efficiently can boost their respective economies by sufficiently channeling and saving funds that can prove to be very useful for those who are planning on setting up their own businesses or carrying out a specific project. In any country with banking institutions, there are always certain conflicting needs between banks and governments. Banks usually want to operate under liberal market forces yet the Government needs to ensure that the former reflect the fundamentals of the economy. This is actually the reason why the banking sector is one of the most regulated sectors in most world economies and the same applies to Nigeria. This matter is further compounded by the fact that certain actions taken banks are done secretly or in private. Consequently, most of them tend to hide their agenda from the public. (Elumelu, 2005) The Nigerian banking indust... It should be noted that in Nigeria, universal banks take up the largest share; others such as community banks usually restrict their consumer base to certain communities. On the other hand, universal banks operate in the entire nation and may sometimes extend their services to other parts of the world. The Nigerian banking industry has been recording considerable growth over the past few years. This is indicated by the following; Total deposits Total assets Total advances Total loans Over the past five years, these numbers have been increasing. Consequently, one can assert that there will be potential growth in the sector. Competition within the Nigerian banking industry can be classified as oligopolistic. This industry is very saturated but only a small number of banks dominate it. In this case, ten of them are responsible for driving the industry. The dominance of these ten banks is reflected by their market share, loans and advances and their total deposits. As of 2003, it had been established that fifty one percent of the Nigerian banking industry was driven by these companies. (Obafunmilayo, 2007) There are a number of reasons why the latter industry is oligopolistic. First of all, these banks have established consumer loyalty due to the fact that they are old generation banks. Additionally, some historical facts in the previous decades contributed to this outcome. In the nineteen eighties, there was an emergence of commercial banks that saw the dilution of these old generation banks. However, in the next decade, there were a series of distressed banks that had to be liquidated thus causing the earlier concentration that had characterized the nineteen eighties

Whats up New England Essay Example for Free

Whats up New England Essay Question: Although New England and the Chesapeake region were both settled largely by of English origin, by 1700 the region had evolved into two different societies. Why did this difference in development occur? Thesis Statement: When talking about New England and the Chesapeake region, you have to consider the differences in motives and geography. Consider economic situations (reasons for settling where they did, reasons why they came to New England in the first place). One has to think about the family development and demographics, as well as the government structure. Thought New England and the Chesapeake region were both settled with a majority of English origin. By 1700 the region had evolved into two completely different societies. When talking about New England and the Chesapeake region, you have to consider the differences in motives and geography. Consider economic situations (reasons for settling where they did, reasons why they came to New England in the first place). One has to think about the family development and demographics, as well as the government structure. All these differences helped sculpt the colonies into their own significant and distinct ways of living. The geography of the New England Colonies was not the best. The soil was very rocky. This made agriculture for the New England colonist nearly impossible to achieve. Eventually the English brought pigs, horses, sheep, and cattle to the settlements. This required pastureland so the colonists were constantly clearing forests. The New England colonists were fed up with all of the rocky land, not being able to farm and plant, they moved towards the coast. The dense forests allowed a bounty of timber which was used for building ships that could be used for various. Also, there was an abundance of fish off the coast of Newfoundland, which made the New Englanders very wealthy. The Chesapeake region however, had very fertile soi

Tragic Heros In Shakespeare

Tragic Heros In Shakespeare Macbeth serves as an example of a tragic hero in Shakespeare s Macbeth. His tragic decision stems from the influence of a tragic flaw. Once he has made the decision, it is irreversible, and produces his downfall. In an attempt to save himself, the tragic hero tries to reverse his decision, but ultimately fails. The tragic hero must be neither villain nor a virtuous man but a character between these two extremes. A man who not eminently good and just, yet whose misfortune is brought about not by vice or depravity but by some error or human frailty. 1st Paragraph: Topic sentence: At the very beginning of the play, Macbeth and Banquo are returning to Scotland. Won the war for Duncan. Shows a noble virtue of Macbeth, a requirement of a tragic hero Three witches appear and make prophecies about Macbeth and Banquo. All hail, Macbeth! Hail to thee, thane of Glamis! All hail, Macbeth! hail to thee, thane of Cawdor! All hail Macbeth that shalt be king hereafter! (I,ii,48). Ross enters tells Macbeth is thane of Cawdor now. Macbeth is surprised. Prophecies coming true. Duncans sons, would be the rightful heirs to the throne. Nowhere near the next in line to the throne Closing sentence: Macbeths tragic flaw is that of ambition; Macbeths ambition will cause him to decline. 2nd Paragraph: Topic Sentence: At this point, Lady Macbeth knows all about the witches prophecies. Lady Macbeth wants to be Queen of Scotland, encourages Macbeth to get rid of Duncan. After killing Duncan, Macbeth feels sorry for himself. His ambition has caused him to kill a good friend and even worse, the King! Macbeth brings dagger back. Lady Macbeth gets angry but Macbeth says: Ill go no more; I am afraid to think what I have done; Look on t again I dare not. (II,ii,51). Lady Macbeth controls and tell him: a little water clears us of this deed. (II,ii,67) Macbeth becomes satisfied with what he has done especially after Malcolm and Macduff leaves Scotland. The third prophecy has come true; Macbeth is King of Scotland! Macbeth wants Banquo and his son dead because of the witches prophecy that Banquos sons will become Kings. He hires three murderers to kill Banquo and his son Fleance. Fleance escapes. Macbeth is outraged when he hears this. He says: Then comes my fit again; I had else been perfect, Whole as the marble, founded as the rock, As broad and general as the casing air. But now I am cabined, cribbed, confined, bound in To saucy doubts and fears. But Banquos safe? (III,ii,21). Macbeth sees the ghost of Banquo at the banquet. Macbeth says Which of you have done this? and Thou canst not say I did it; never shake thy gory locks at me. (III,iv,48). Lady Macbeth senses that something is definitely wrong and she asks everyone to leave immediately. Macbeth is shown as a hubris character. Closing Sentence: He was not afraid of the consequences of his actions although he knew very well what they would be. This is another tragic flaw. 3rd Paragraph: Topic Sentence: Macbeth is worried and goes to meet the witches. First apparition: Macbeth! Macbeth! Macbeth! Beware Macduff; Beware the thane of Fife. Second apparition: The power of man, for none of woman born shall harm Macbeth. Third apparition: Macbeth shall never vanquishd be until Great Birnam wood to high Dunsinane hill. Shall come against him. Macbeth is scarred and says: Seize upon Fife; give to the edge o the sword. His wife, his babes, and all unfortunate souls.(IV,I,151) He is scared by the apparitions prophecies and wants to kill anyone who comes in his way. Macbeth thinks he has it made; that nothing can take his crown away from him now. Birnam woods climb the hill in form of the Malcolm army.(Third prophecy comes true) Macbeth is shown once again at the end of the play when Macduff challenges Macbeth to a fight. Macbeth says he will not fight, so Macduff says: Then yield thee, coward (V, viii, 23). Macbeth answers: I will not yield (V, viii, 28). Macbeth finally realizes what he has done and how the witches prophecies and apparitions have all come true. Fights back but is killed by Macduff. (Second and First prophecy comes true) Closing Sentence: But he did not just give up like a coward. He fought like the great warrior he once was. Conclusion: In conclusion, Macbeth was a noble, honest, authentic man. However, Macbeth, tragically followed the Witches philosophy in life, fair is foul and foul is fair. The constant fricative sound in this alliteration infers the bitter outlook the Witches have towards life; and henceforth creates the appearance that unless Macbeth changes, he will be damned to this embittered panorama, therefore he decides to change, following the witches prophecy that thou shalt be king hereafter . He decrees that he shall follow this prophecy and do anything to become the king. the prophecies given to him by the witches, Lady Macbeths influence and plan, and his intensified ambition, all contributed greatly to his degeneration of character which resulted to his downfalldeath. Therefore Macbeth character displays strong signs of a tragic hero, making him the ideal classic example. -Palash jain 1(A)

Olenka In The Darling Essay -- essays research papers

Olenka was quite a darling. She was quiet, and always had an imaginative smile. Unfortunately, she had a personality defect. Her problem was the fact that she didn’t have a personality of her own; it was always that of her lovers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the beginning of the story she was married to Kukin. When she was with Kukin, he complained about the rain on his garden. He said, “Almost every evening it rains. It is simply awful! The public doesn’t come, but I have to pay the rent just the same, '; (172). This foreshadows what is going to happen to Olenka when Kukin dies. She worked hard at taking on his beliefs and opinions, and mastering his way of thinking. She acted as a mirror of her husband and it was her only way of life. Then when he died, her mirror was broken. This left her not knowing what to do cause she had no personality anymore because it died.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After Kukin’s death, Olenka did nothing else but cry and dwell on the fact that she had no one to love. As she mourned, she said, “ my precious, my darling! Why did I ever know you and love you! You poor heart-broken Olenka is all alone without you,';(174). Then Pustovalov came along, the timber merchant, and she once again fell in love. This changed her life from the theater into a new life of business. Her husbands ideas were hers. If he thought the room was too hot, she thought the same.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At one...

“Cat’s eye” by Margaret Atwood Essay

This passage from Cats Eye by Margaret Atwood, illustrates the alikeness between Elaine and Cordelia by comparing the girls and the old ladies in the streetcar. Detailed descriptions of the characters contribute to highlighting different themes like friendship, disguising ones true identity and the notion of time. These are highlighted through various literary features such as metaphor and imagery. The passage shows a relationship between two girls, Cordelia and the narrator. They seem to be friends in the passage as it is mentioned by the narrator that [they] think [they] are friends. The phrase we think reflects the narrators uncertainty about her friendship with Cordelia. Yet, there are many references to them being almost twin-like and identical in the way they dress and act. Were impervious, we scintillate, we are thirteen- the use and repetition of the inclusive pronoun we further highlights their alikeness. Even though they are friends, the reader is able to sense the narrators inferiority to Cordelia through her tone of voice. It is shown through her comments such as I am almost as good or that Cordelia is opaque and glinting that the narrator admires or wants to be like Cordelia. The detailed descriptions of the appearance of the old ladies on the streetcar highlights the theme of superficiality. The descriptions show that the narrators bias on people stems from their outer appearances, as shown in her observations such as some are respectably dressed and others are poorer and foreign looking. Further, her comment that Cordelia can tell cheap cloth at a glance once again reinforces Cordelias superiority and her attitude towards superficiality. These attitudes of young girls like the narrator and Cordelia convey how prejudices are deeply embedded in our society. Metaphors like costumes and stage props, were used to describe peoples willingness to disguise their true identity; costumes are normally worn by actors who are impersonating someone else. Description of the old ladies make-up further highlights the theme of hiding a true identity of one. The ladies on the streetcar dye their hair straw-blonde or baby-blue and their lipstick mouths are too big around their mouths, their rouge blotchy, [and] their eyes drawn screw-jiggy around their real eyes. Their costume-like  clothes and thick make-up like actors on a stage allow them to disguise themselves from others. They reflect some members of the society who do not wish to reveal who they really are because they are afraid of what other people would think about them. These descriptive language and colour imagery invite readers to engage the narrators experiences; bright colours to distract peoples attention to their outer appearance. Anything other than white is suggestive. Also, the two girls wearing mens work socks inside their boots and wearing [their coats with] collars turned up to look like those of movie stars shows their desire for glamour and outer beauty which form societys expectation of girls. The notion of time is another significant factor in the passage, as can be seen through its structure. The first part recounts the narrators childhood and the second is set in her adulthood, when she herself has become like the old ladies, having that [eye problems]now too. However, both the present and the past are written in the present tense, indicating that the memories of the narrator when she was thirteen still take an important part in her life. It is also mentioned at the start of the passage that time is not a line. This suggests that experiences that we had are not just past, but stays within us to build up what we are now. This passage from Cats Eye by Margaret Atwood explores the themes of friendship, self identity and notion of time through various literary techniques. Friendship, in conjunction with the notion of time, is valued as a very big part of life of the narrator; not only the friendship, but also ones memories of childhood are important in a persons life as well. The passage also reflects prejudices in our society and how deeply they are rooted in us through illustrating people who wish to disguise their true identity. By allowing us to explore the narrators experiences, the author allows us to think about the values of relationships and how we can solve the problems of prejudice.

Vector Definition in Science

Vector Definition in Science The term vector has different definitions in science, primarily depending whether the topic is math/physical science or medicine/biology. Vector Definition in Math and Physics In physical science and engineering, a vector is a geometric object which has both magnitude or length and direction. A vector is commonly represented by a line segment in a specific direction, indicated by an arrow. Vectors are typically used to describe physical quantities which have a directional quality in addition to a quantity that could be described by a single number with a unit. Also Known As: Euclidean vector, spatial vector, geometric vector, mathematical vector Examples: Velocity and force are vector quantities. In contrast, speed and distance are scalar quantities, which have magnitude but not direction. Vector Definition in Biology and Medicine In the biological sciences, the term vector refers to an organism that transmits a disease, parasite, or genetic information from one species to another. Examples: Mosquitoes are a vector of malaria. A virus may be used as a vector to insert genes into a bacterial cell.

Free Essays on Legal Audit Of Microsoft

Microsoft, manufactures, licenses, and supports a host of software products for a number of computing devices. Their software includes operating systems for â€Å"intelligent devices, personal computers and servers; server applications for client/server environments; knowledge worker productivity applications; and software development tools. They also license consumer software programs; sell PC input devices; train and certify system integrators; and research and develop advanced technologies for future software products.† Should there be a reference here? Microsoft's ambitions are anything but small. The world's #1 software company provides a variety of products and services, including its Windows operating systems and Office Suite software. The company has expanded into markets such as video game consoles, interactive television, and Internet access. With its core markets maturing, Microsoft is targeting services for growth, looking to transform its software applications into Web-based services for enterprises and consumers. Microsoft has reached a tentative settlement to end an ongoing antitrust investigation, agreeing to uniformly license its operating systems and allow manufacturers to include competing software with Windows (Company Information). The following issues involving Microsoft were researched and analyzed in preparation for the production of this audit report. The three issues that were picked involve Microsoft’s employment discrimination troubles, anti-trust/monopoly problems, and revenue reporting investigations by the SEC. Following the legal audits, the appendix contains basic financial statements, a 5-year stock chart, and the 20 most recent insider trades as of March 2003. Employment Discrimination When it rains, it pours. The Associated Press headline and story lead-in of January 2001, announcing Jackson v. Microsoft, must have caused the hearts of anti-trust-weary Microsoft supporters to skip a beat: â€Å"N... Free Essays on Legal Audit Of Microsoft Free Essays on Legal Audit Of Microsoft Microsoft, manufactures, licenses, and supports a host of software products for a number of computing devices. Their software includes operating systems for â€Å"intelligent devices, personal computers and servers; server applications for client/server environments; knowledge worker productivity applications; and software development tools. They also license consumer software programs; sell PC input devices; train and certify system integrators; and research and develop advanced technologies for future software products.† Should there be a reference here? Microsoft's ambitions are anything but small. The world's #1 software company provides a variety of products and services, including its Windows operating systems and Office Suite software. The company has expanded into markets such as video game consoles, interactive television, and Internet access. With its core markets maturing, Microsoft is targeting services for growth, looking to transform its software applications into Web-based services for enterprises and consumers. Microsoft has reached a tentative settlement to end an ongoing antitrust investigation, agreeing to uniformly license its operating systems and allow manufacturers to include competing software with Windows (Company Information). The following issues involving Microsoft were researched and analyzed in preparation for the production of this audit report. The three issues that were picked involve Microsoft’s employment discrimination troubles, anti-trust/monopoly problems, and revenue reporting investigations by the SEC. Following the legal audits, the appendix contains basic financial statements, a 5-year stock chart, and the 20 most recent insider trades as of March 2003. Employment Discrimination When it rains, it pours. The Associated Press headline and story lead-in of January 2001, announcing Jackson v. Microsoft, must have caused the hearts of anti-trust-weary Microsoft supporters to skip a beat: â€Å"N...

Music for Children essays

Music for Children essays Music is an important component for all people to posses in their lives. A child should be introduced to music at a very young age. The introduction of every type of music from classical all the way to modern rock is important. This gives a child the ability to form their own opinion to what they might like the best. Classical music can teach a child every aspect of music including, harmony, themes, dynamics, polymeters, and polyrhythms. These are the components that are scarce in modern music today. The three major components of variation are melody, rhythm, and meter. Variation is an important key to teach a child so that they understand the there are many different ways to approach music and life. The composer Lucien Caillet wrote many variations on the theme Pop Goes the Weasel. Most children have heard this tune in cartoons or songs at school not realizing the classical context. This is a wonderful piece for children because of the dramatic and calm instrumentals followed by the variations of the theme. The music has a whimsical cheerful feel to it and is a perfect example for an introduction, theme, five variations of the theme followed by a coda. These are all important parts of a piece for a child to recognize. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart is a remarkable composer that all children should study. The piece, Ah, Vous Dirai-je, Maman is perfect for a child in that it resembles a well known nursery rhyme, Twinkle Twinkle Little Star. This piece is also an example of variations of theme. This begins as a simple melody transforming into a complex variation containing a difference in meter throughout the variations with in an increase in tempo. The composition has a very light and cheerful familiar sound to it and could easily attract the attention of a child. The use of sensory imagery in music, impressionism, is another form helpful to increase interest and make music enjoyable. Modest Petrov...

Maritime Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Maritime Policy - Essay Example is the case, many nationals of these developing countries occupy a significant share of the workforce that mans the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries and open register’s fleets (Johnston, 1991). This movement of marine industry workers between flags as a result of the free working environment created by fleet managers and ship owners in assembling crews of different nationalities according to Ron, Stutchbury and Pascoe (1988) actually led to the firm establishment of the seafarers’ global labour market. This report seeks to analyze the global labour market in detail; its formation, and how it has impacted players involved in shipping companies from both developing and developed regions of the world. The report goes further to suggest ways and means of tackling problems experienced by stakeholders of the seafarers’ Global Labour Market (GLM). Initially, almost all ships were manned predominantly by people of the same nationality as the ship’s flag (Williamson, 1992). This tradition was held in part as a consequence of legal requirement with countries varying in strength in the enforcement of the law. Besides, it was also considered more practical in as much as recruiting seafarers from other countries was difficult and expensive (Tyner, 2000). Notable exceptions to these requirements, however, arose when the Liberian and Panamanian registers were created in 1949 and 1922 respectively (Tyner, 2000). Neither of the two nations involved had national seafarers’ labour markets. These anomalies however posed no significant threat to the well organised labour markets of Japan and European nations until the prolonged recession of the 70s and 80s hit world trade. The scale and pace of change in the marine workforce in the 80s was widely unprecedented. According to Alderton, in 1987 alone, there was a steady increase in the number of Filipino seafarers working in European-owned ships. The press, throughout the 80s,

Should children at elementary school level allowed to use internet and Research Paper

Should children at elementary school level allowed to use internet and social media - Research Paper Example With the increased internet usage particularly, the increased invention and discoveries of more educative and academic websites that are rated children-friendly ensures increased knowledge necessary for expansive knowledge endowments amongst the young children. There has been increased exposure and susceptibility to internet amongst our children. Internet presents avenues for visual learning as young children are attracted to diagrams, images well as photos that are academically designed to empower and enhance learning amongst the young children. This has presented the children with an opportunity to gain valuable knowledge as they learn and develop ability to navigate and do research work at early stages (Resources in Education 76). The result of this is reflected in the academic ability of the children as they grow based on the increased capability to understand search engines needed for particular data retrievals. Such children further develop interest and become good researchers in future as they undergo the education ladder. They become brighter as they explore the massive relevant information from the pearly reviewed articles as well as books. Children use the internet for school works, and Google for information needed. It is also positive amongst the children as internet has enabled them to use Google Translations to understand English Tweets. Children have also benefited from diverse knowledge and skills available on the internet sources besides being positively enlightened through games played which has led to generation and incubation of relevant ideas (Dixon, Brian, and Julie 122). Children have found it easy to navigate the personal computers and to obtain necessary project information necessary for their class works. Educating digitalized student has thus been made easier as teachers, and their Paraprofessionals can easily follow childrens performance online and

Tatget market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Tatget market - Essay Example The segments anticipated rationale into demanding for the services is based on scientific findings that physical exercise enhances memory potentials, a factor that the segment needs in their jobs. The segment’s ability to pay for the proposed services also identifies their potential demand towards better health because of the scientific knowledge that physical activity prevents and help in managing many chronic diseases such as diabetes and cardio vascular complications (Neeser 1-4). Women are another target segment for the business because of their interest in body weight that can be met through the gym and through juices and proteins from the bar. The segment is a significant target because of its members’ sensitivity to their weight that prompts them to solutions in the proposed business’ products. Though they are likely to be financed and even be influenced into the gym by their parents, children are another segment with interest in the gym for enhanced cogni tive development (Claritas

Communal Supportive Action Theory Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Communal Supportive Action Theory - Assignment Example The initial part of the theory describes how people with measurable approach calculate their actions to benefit them self only, but they suffer long-term loneliness, lack of support and pleasure and disheveled reputation eventually. On the other hand, considerate individuals take a course of action which is less beneficial for them, but more beneficial towards larger humanity then they would earn long-term support, respect, a fiscal and sentimental advantage over the former one. The ‘Communal Supportive Action’ theory entails the idea of pleasantly surviving and sustaining in a society. This theory lays stress on the fact that individuals neither live alone nor their actions impact less. Hence, if they take actions according to their ease, preference, and lifestyle they would be withholding the notion of communal advantage. For instance, if garbage is thrown out of a house and dumped in a street, the trash would make the passage narrow, would produce long-term detrimental effects (health), would make a good home for pests and rats, would make the area look dirty and that would automatically evaluate the community. These self-centered actions are taken on the bases of personal priorities (shortage of time, lack of strength to walk the extra mile, lack of sense of cleanliness and lack of respect for others living in the surrounding). If one assesses the abovementioned theory with regard to objective approach then one realizes that Welfares, NGO’s, non-profitable organizations, religious and community beneficial services always concentrate on larger good instead of personal ones. Moreover, if individuals focus on their preferences then they attain short-term benefit and lack of dignity in the society as well.

Tatget market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Tatget market - Essay Example The segments anticipated rationale into demanding for the services is based on scientific findings that physical exercise enhances memory potentials, a factor that the segment needs in their jobs. The segment’s ability to pay for the proposed services also identifies their potential demand towards better health because of the scientific knowledge that physical activity prevents and help in managing many chronic diseases such as diabetes and cardio vascular complications (Neeser 1-4). Women are another target segment for the business because of their interest in body weight that can be met through the gym and through juices and proteins from the bar. The segment is a significant target because of its members’ sensitivity to their weight that prompts them to solutions in the proposed business’ products. Though they are likely to be financed and even be influenced into the gym by their parents, children are another segment with interest in the gym for enhanced cogni tive development (Claritas

Networking Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Networking Plan - Essay Example A super connector is that person who makes vital connections or introductions that grow a network (Uzzi & Dunlap, 2005). Bill fits this definition well. He has made vital introductions as seen in the above table. Bill is a graduate from Sydney University and is currently a fashion and design professional that appreciates and shares the company’s vision as well as objective. I met Lucy Hassan in my search for quality art pieces that Dye & Dyer could use. In the process of our interaction, I introduced her to Bill whom I had met earlier on. Bill required someone of her expertise in printing some designs for his Art collections and Lucy Hassan was the perfect match. Bill had introduced me to Denis who was a fashion guru who run his own fashion blogs, and aided in the selection of fashion pieces for display. In turn I introduced Denis to another fashion guru: Patrick, who dealt in African art and fashion. Bill also introduced me to another fashion guru Martha, who just as Denis, r an her own fashion blogs, and aided in the selection of fashion pieces for display. Martha needed someone with fashion printing expertise. So, I introduced her to Lucy Hassan. ... Therefore, I introduced Dave to Bill. I needed expert opinion on my fashion pieces. Dave introduced me to Cynthia Carew to help me in this area. Cynthia is now a friend and she provides critique and objectivity to the fashion pieces that I select for Dye & Dyer. Indeed, her advice is invaluable in making fashion statements and presentations. It is her passion for fashion that made me introduce her to Martha, who in turn introduced her (Cynthia) into the world of blogs on high-end fashion and art. I needed help in filming as well as shoots. Bill introduced me to Robert. Robert is a film expert. This introduction enables me to access his innumerable knowledge on film and photography. I in turn introduced him to Phillip, who helped him branch his (Robert’s) company to neighboring counties. Morris is a financial consultant from my university who impressed me with his portfolio in management. Morris was a friend I had known from my university days. Bill, who enjoys risky investment s, needed expert advice on the issue of management. It is for this reason that I introduced him (Bill) to Morris. That is how my network grew within a short span of time with Bill acting as my super – connector. This network has exhibited tremendous growth in a short span of time and is expected to continue growing. Q 2 The networks we build determine the access and extent that our ideas will reach. Creating strong networks is therefore an essential part of the structure of any individual’s life, or the structure of any organization’s life (Sigmar et al. 2012). After reading Uzzi & Dunlop’s article (2005), I had to take a critical look at my network and its structure. Bill Nicholls introduced me to the fashion business and has since acted as my contact in matters concerning

Communal Supportive Action Theory Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Communal Supportive Action Theory - Assignment Example The initial part of the theory describes how people with measurable approach calculate their actions to benefit them self only, but they suffer long-term loneliness, lack of support and pleasure and disheveled reputation eventually. On the other hand, considerate individuals take a course of action which is less beneficial for them, but more beneficial towards larger humanity then they would earn long-term support, respect, a fiscal and sentimental advantage over the former one. The ‘Communal Supportive Action’ theory entails the idea of pleasantly surviving and sustaining in a society. This theory lays stress on the fact that individuals neither live alone nor their actions impact less. Hence, if they take actions according to their ease, preference, and lifestyle they would be withholding the notion of communal advantage. For instance, if garbage is thrown out of a house and dumped in a street, the trash would make the passage narrow, would produce long-term detrimental effects (health), would make a good home for pests and rats, would make the area look dirty and that would automatically evaluate the community. These self-centered actions are taken on the bases of personal priorities (shortage of time, lack of strength to walk the extra mile, lack of sense of cleanliness and lack of respect for others living in the surrounding). If one assesses the abovementioned theory with regard to objective approach then one realizes that Welfares, NGO’s, non-profitable organizations, religious and community beneficial services always concentrate on larger good instead of personal ones. Moreover, if individuals focus on their preferences then they attain short-term benefit and lack of dignity in the society as well.

Networking Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Networking Plan - Essay Example A super connector is that person who makes vital connections or introductions that grow a network (Uzzi & Dunlap, 2005). Bill fits this definition well. He has made vital introductions as seen in the above table. Bill is a graduate from Sydney University and is currently a fashion and design professional that appreciates and shares the company’s vision as well as objective. I met Lucy Hassan in my search for quality art pieces that Dye & Dyer could use. In the process of our interaction, I introduced her to Bill whom I had met earlier on. Bill required someone of her expertise in printing some designs for his Art collections and Lucy Hassan was the perfect match. Bill had introduced me to Denis who was a fashion guru who run his own fashion blogs, and aided in the selection of fashion pieces for display. In turn I introduced Denis to another fashion guru: Patrick, who dealt in African art and fashion. Bill also introduced me to another fashion guru Martha, who just as Denis, r an her own fashion blogs, and aided in the selection of fashion pieces for display. Martha needed someone with fashion printing expertise. So, I introduced her to Lucy Hassan. ... Therefore, I introduced Dave to Bill. I needed expert opinion on my fashion pieces. Dave introduced me to Cynthia Carew to help me in this area. Cynthia is now a friend and she provides critique and objectivity to the fashion pieces that I select for Dye & Dyer. Indeed, her advice is invaluable in making fashion statements and presentations. It is her passion for fashion that made me introduce her to Martha, who in turn introduced her (Cynthia) into the world of blogs on high-end fashion and art. I needed help in filming as well as shoots. Bill introduced me to Robert. Robert is a film expert. This introduction enables me to access his innumerable knowledge on film and photography. I in turn introduced him to Phillip, who helped him branch his (Robert’s) company to neighboring counties. Morris is a financial consultant from my university who impressed me with his portfolio in management. Morris was a friend I had known from my university days. Bill, who enjoys risky investment s, needed expert advice on the issue of management. It is for this reason that I introduced him (Bill) to Morris. That is how my network grew within a short span of time with Bill acting as my super – connector. This network has exhibited tremendous growth in a short span of time and is expected to continue growing. Q 2 The networks we build determine the access and extent that our ideas will reach. Creating strong networks is therefore an essential part of the structure of any individual’s life, or the structure of any organization’s life (Sigmar et al. 2012). After reading Uzzi & Dunlop’s article (2005), I had to take a critical look at my network and its structure. Bill Nicholls introduced me to the fashion business and has since acted as my contact in matters concerning

Radioactive Emissions Essay Example for Free

Radioactive Emissions Essay Radioactive emissions are electromagnetic radiations which occur due to the spontaneous disintegration of unstable nuclei. Natural elements with atomic number greater than 83 and isotopes of some lighter elements are found to be radioactive. They are categorized as alpha, beta and gamma radiations. Alpha particles are positively charged helium-4 nuclei , beta particles are high energy-high speed electrons while gamma rays unlike alpha and beta radiation have no mass and charge and are short electromagnetic waves consisting of high energy photons. While alpha and beta radiations have low and moderate risk of damage, gamma rays can cause severe damage to internal organs and even death on skin exposure. A brief description of various types of radioactive emissions is given below – i)Alpha radiation – alpha particles are helium nuclei with 2 protons and 2 neutrons and hence are positively charged due to which they readily interact with material. Natural alpha radiations have very low penetration power and cannot harm through skin exposure but inhalation of source substances can be quite dangerous. ii)Beta radiation – they are high speed- high energy electrons with penetration power greater than alpha particles due to which the risk of harmful effects to the health of living beings is more. iii)Gamma radiation – they are electromagnetic waves of very short wavelengths with highest penetration power. Unlike alpha and beta radiation they are high energy photons which do not possess mass and charge. They are very harmful for living beings and can cause severe damage to internal organs, DNA mutation and even death. In case of coal based thermal power plants people’s and authority’s concern seem to be limited to environmental pollution caused by pollutants like carbon dioxide(CO2) ,methane, CFCs( which are responsible for greenhouse effect), oxides of nitrogen and sulphur (which increase atmosphere acidity) and soot particles, organic chemicals( which cause lung problems to the people in the vicinity of plant).

Functions of Norethindrone

Functions of Norethindrone Part V: Compound Summary Synthesized first in 1951, Chemists Luis Miramontes, Carl Djerassi, and George Rosenkranz blended Norethindrone to be the first highly active oral progestogen in Syntex at Mexico City. Norethindrone however is not the first oral progestogen as a use in birth control and many other variations came before, examples being progesterone, ethisterone 19-norprogesterone , and 17ÃŽ ±-methylprogesterone being in chronological order . The drug was put on the market in 1957 and was later combined with another estrogen called Mestranol to create Ortho-Novum in 1963 which happened to be the 2nd only oral contraceptive in the market. This significance of Norethindrone in history can be found that it was the first highly active oral progestogen and was used as an example to follow for later models and drugs like   norethynodrel (1952), and norethandrolone. Norethindrone consists of 3 different elements including :Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen with single, double and triple bonds occurring across the lewis structure. Norethindrone has 1 H-Bond with hydrogen and oxygen with many LDFs and Dipole-Dipole bonds throughout the structure. Being consisted of 20 Carbon, 26 Hydrogen, and 2 Oxygen elements, the total mass of each molecule per atom being contributed to the element all together is 298.41844g/mol, Carbon has 240.215g/mol weighting the most and   having the highest percentage mass with the percentage of 80.49%. The total mass contributed to Hydrogen is 16.20644g/mol with 8.78% percentage mass and lastly Oxygen has the 2nd highest contribution with it having 31.998g/mol and 10.72% of the compound. Solubility is the ability to dissolve in a specific substance as a physical property. Solubility is important in general as it determines what type of reactant will be formed from the products that are soluble. Solubility is important in my specific compound is that my compound is taking in orally, by mouth. The aqueous solubility is important to my drug to guarantee a safe entrance from dissolving in spit and saliva present in the mouth. The general rule of solubility relates to polarity and if a nonpolar substance is present, it dissolves in another nonpolar solvent and if a polar substance is present, it dissolves in a polar solvent. My compound specifically is polar thus melting in any polar solvent like saliva. This being said, my drug compound is aqueously soluble meaning that it will dissolve in water. The main function of norethindrone is to be used as a birth control to prevent pregnancy. The way it prevents pregnancy is that it prevents ovulation from occurring stopping the ovary from being fertilized. When interacting with other drugs norethindrone side effects can have various effects, most of them being moderate. An example of a moderate side effect from an interaction with Norethindrone is its interaction with Axotal, a commonly used product in Aspirin. Norethindrone effectivity may decrease when taking Axotal so using other birth control methods should be used to ensure the best effectivity. A more serious interaction is Norethindrone interaction with accutane, one of the most common medicines for acne. With the use of accutane while pregnant, accutane can cause life threatening birth defects that can form problems with their bone and internal structure including but not limited to the heart, skull, eyes and brain. Less serious effects by itself is an increase in acne , cha nges in weight, and breast pain. Norethindrone is only used as an oral contraceptive using capsules and ingestion to create the effects of the compound. The taking of norethindrone should be monitored carefully as if patients have former cases of strokes, breast cancer and miscarriages in the past, they should be given another prescription. Norethindrone as a modern day relevance is still commonly used as a birth control however the ratings for the drugs arent very good. For the birth control aspect, the reviews are very positive saying that it works, however almost all of the 49 review reflect on a constant problem in excessive bleeding during their menstrual periods as well as severe pain in the breast and pelvic area with weight gain being a smaller portion of the reviews. However, the versions combined with mestranol is not very known and not commonly used compared to Norethindrone by itself.

vikings Essay example -- essays research papers

Vikings In Control They were fierce, heartless Barbarians who Seized and looted many European lands from the 800’s to 1000’s. They made their sneaky attacks at the crack of dawn killing anyone who came axe length away. Including innocent babies defenseless children of all ages, and helpless women. ( The Celebration Program) During their time, these people never called themselves â€Å"Vikings.† This name isn’t even meant to be the name or a group, but an activity. The base word vik was simply another name for a pirate. Therefore, to go a-viking meant to fight as a warrior. The Northmen, which is another name for Vikings, lived in small communities that were ruled by either a king or a chief. People were divided into three classes being noble, freeman, or slaves. The nobles were usually considered Kings because they were people who were wealthy. The freemen were farmers, merchants and people who served the ruler. Last, but not least slaves were Scandinavians whose ancestors had been enslaved. (The Celebration Program) Even though Vikings are addressed by one very large group, there are actually three kinds of Vikings. They are Norwegian, Swedish and Danish. The Norwegian Vikings were actually the group that began the raids in Lindisfarne in 793. They raided England, Ireland, the Isle of Man and Scotland. Because of Ireland’s fertile farms, rich churches and monasteries, it was a big target. Norwegian pirate chief Turgeis attacked Ireland from 839 ...

Barbara Ehrenreichs Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America E

Barbara Ehrenreich's Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America Barbara Ehrenreich is a political/social journalist and writer. She is a best-selling author with a dozen book credits to her name. Her works include Blood Rites, The Worst Years of Our Lives, and Fear of Falling. She also has written articles for Time, Harpers, The New Republic, The Nation, and The New York Time Magazine. Her Ph.D. in biology endows her with the experience and discipline to approach as a scientific experiment the study resulting in her newest book, Nickel and Dimed. Light years removed from the kind of life she would eventually enter and write about, the genesis of the book happened during an expensive luncheon meeting with a magazine editor. As the conversation topic drifted, Ehrenreich casually wondered how people get by on the low wages of the â€Å"unskilled.† â€Å"Someone ought to do the old fashioned kind of journalism...go out there and try it for themselves,† she exhorted. She didn’t really have herself in mind, but her editor challenged her with a single word, â€Å"You.† The idea also came in the wake of sweeping welfare reform in 1996, which moved roughly four million women from the welfare rolls and into the workforce. The study Ehrenreich undertook then was to see how she could manage economically in the low wage work pool in which many such women found themselves. To prepare for the project, Ehrenreich set up some ground rules. When looking for work she would not fall back on the use of her usual skills as a writer, and she would take the highest paying job while at the same time seek the least expensive housing that still offered privacy and safety. Admittedly, she recognized the advantages she possessed -- good hea... ...ess, Ehrenreich’s book has received some criticism for its lack of policy suggestions. She does not offer concrete ideas on how to remedy this situation. Some also said she did not avail herself of the aide that is available. However, the reality is that those who need help aren’t magically endowed with the knowledge of how to receive it. In Barbara’s appeal for food assistance, it took initiative, seventy minutes of calling, driving, and nearly $3 spent in phone calls, which resulted in about $7 worth of food. In California, many of the working poor are made up of non-English speakers or those who are working here illegally. These people do not know where to start to get help or are not inclined to seek it for fear of reprisal. I found the book well written and very eye opening to the struggles faced by millions of women - and men - in the United States.

Forest Conservation

FOREST CONSERVATION Forests are one of the most important natural resources that have been gifted to mankind for their sustained existence on earth. Without question, they provide us with huge amounts of tangible and intangible benefits, without which indeed, all life, less to say human life, would fall under the risk of extinction. Hence, it is vital for us to realize this importance of forest cover, conserve them, and ultimately work towards a sustainable way to maintain our forests and meet our needs at the same time. In this paper, I have focused initially on the barbaric behavior of us human beings towards forests, and how they have been and are still being massacred around the globe to meet our ever increasing and limitless wants and needs. I have also focused on why some of our conservation strategies and efforts are not working out the way they were supposed to be. In doing so, I have tried to prove that countries like Bangladesh, who are still striving to develop should focus on forest conservation. My hypothesis is that Bangladesh has the capability to both conserve its forest resources and grow economically at the same time, and create means for poverty elevation by conserving. In the second portion I have focused on a more comprehensive way to sustainable forest conservation, backing up my statements by expert opinions and case studies, and at the end a bit of focus was put on biodiversity importance and its conservation practices and strategies. I have also mentioned some economic, social and policy instruments that can be implemented in order to conserve forests better. I have used some primary data, from specific experts on forests, but my main data sources are secondary sources, mainly the Internet and books. The full list of references is given in the work-cited portion at the end of the paper. From the very beginning of civilization, human beings have depended heavily on forests for their survival. Cradles of civilization, places of beauty, sources of spiritual inspiration, and treasure houses of natural riches, forests are closely linked with the physical, economic, and spiritual well being of people. Man has depended on forests for lumber and furniture, medicine and cosmetics, firewood and food, drinking water and fresh air, respite and recreation. Despite their central role in the well being of people, forests are threatened by human actions on a scale and pace far beyond nature's capacity to adapt. Forests are being destroyed around the globe at a scale, which has already passed the â€Å"alarming† stage. Reasons such as land shortage, urbanization, agriculture, excessive and unsustainable timber extraction have led to cutting down of miles upon miles of pristine forest land. In 2002 alone, 10,000 square miles in Brazil's Amazon region were deforested due to logging, ranching, farming, and infrastructure development. In Africa's Congo Basin, roads built into legally protected areas like national parks by illegal loggers provided access for bush meat poachers and contributed to an increase in forest fires. (Overview). Although recently, the importance of forests has been realized to a degree, enough importance has not yet been put into the conservation sector so as to actually retain the remaining percentage of forest cover the world has left. In this paper I have discussed just how much importance needs to be put on conservation of forests, why this needs to be done, how it can be done in a systematic, sustainable way, and what the aftermaths of not doing so may be. DEFINITIONS: For clarification purposes, a full list of definitions are given below so that the terms discussed in this paper are clear and not confused with other related terms. FOREST: The word â€Å"forests† originated from the Greek word â€Å"foris†, which means â€Å"out of doors†. Generally a large uncultivated area of land bearing trees and undergrowth is termed as a forest. Wild animals are also associated with this term, which includes their interaction with the trees and undergrowth and their abiotic surroundings (air, soil etc. ). L. S Davis defined forests as a set of land parcels, which has or could have tree vegetation. (Davis). CONSERVATION AND PRESERVATION: These two terms are often confused with one another, but they refer to two slightly different concepts. Preservation of anything is basically keeping it in such manner that it cannot or should not be touched or used. For instance, if a forest is being preserved it means that it is to be kept untouched and nothing is to be extracted from it. It is to be left to its own accord. On the other hand, conservation implies more towards a sustained use, or use in a sustainable fashion. As in the example given above, if a forest is declared as conserved, it means that resources may be extracted in a systematic and accounted way, so as not to compromise the forests ability to replenish itself in terms of resources, and so that it may continue its intangible functions properly. SUSTAINABILITY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: The term refers to the existence and maintenance of a system, on its own accord, over a period of time, or that a system is able to stand and function by itself for a certain duration. This term then leads on to sustainable development, which the latest of concepts in development of a nation and its entities. Sustainable development means the development targeted at making resources available both useful yet sustained, so as no to compromise it for future generations. FOREST MANAGEMENT: The society of American Foresters (1958) defined forest management as â€Å"the application of business methods and technical forestry principles to the operation of forestry property. † (American). Generally put, forest management is the maintenance of forests in such a way that it is protected and conserved at the same time. In other words it the system by which we make sure that we extract resources from the forest in a sustained way (sustainable yields) and so that the forest does not lose its credibility. Forests come in various types and properties. They range from tropical evergreen rain forests along the equator of the earth, to temperate and boreal forests in northern America and Russia. The world's tropical forests, which circle the globe, are interestingly diverse. Ranging from the steamy jungles of the rain forests to the dry forests and savannas, they provide habitat for millions of species of plants and animals. Once covering some 15. 3 billion acres (6. 2 billion ha), these tropical forests have been reduced through cutting and clearing by 210 million acres (85 million ha) between 1985 and 1990. (Louise). This is in fact the story in most parts of the world. Bangladesh for instance is losing its natural forestland at an alarming rate of 3. 3% a year, which is the third highest rate in the world after Jamaica and Haiti. (Miller, 641). Although plantations have gone up in percentage during the last few years, especially strip plantations, which are a recent phenomenon in Bangladesh, especially in Dhaka, natural forests are still on the decrease. This can be seen in the table below, as of the year 2000, which also includes comparisons to Asia and the world as a whole. Yet probably the saddest story to be told is that of the world’s tropical forests. Although tropical rainforests cover less than six percent of the earth’s land surface, they are extraordinarily endowed with millions of animal species and represent seventy-five million years of evolutionary stability. Covering a land area approximately the size of the United States, tropical forests are being rapidly degraded, the equivalent of the combined areas of Ohio and Indiana each year. According to some experts, almost half the world’s tropical forests have already been wiped of the face of the earth for good. If we look at the table given below, we can get an estimate of what the situation really is at present. Data is set as of research till the year 2000. |Forest Area and Change |Bangladesh |Asia (excl. Middle East) |World | |Total forest area, 2000 (000 ha) |1334 |504180 |3869455 | |Natural forest area, 2000 (000 ha) |709 |375824 |3682722 | |Plantations area, 2000 (000 ha) |625 |110953 186733 | |Total dry land area, 1950-1981 (000 ha) {a} |0 |1078121 |5059984 | |Change in forest area: | |   |Total, 1990-2000 |14 % |-1 % |-2 % | |   |Natural, 1990-2000 |-7 % |-1 % |-4 % | |   |Plantations, 1990-2000 |4 % |5 % |3 % | |Original forest {b} as a percent of | |   |total land area {c} |100 % |X |48 % | |Forest area in 2000 as a percent of | |   |total land area {c} |9 % |20 % |29 % | |   |   |   |   |   | FIG: table has been taken from an article titled â€Å"Forest Conservation† from the Earth Trends website. Ecosystem Areas by Type | |Total land area |14400 |2494475 |13328979 | |Percent of total land area covered by: | |   |Forests |12 % |17 % |24 % | |   |Shrublands, savanna, and grasslands |3 % |37 % |37 % | |   | | |   |mosaic |73 % |34 % |20 % | |   |Urban and built-up areas |0. 2 % |0. 2 % |0. 2 % | |   |Sparse or barren vegetation; snow and ice |0 % |10 % |16 % | |   |Wetlands and water bodies |11 % |2 % |3 % | The total global forest cover has decreased by approximately 4% in just 10 years, and Bangladesh has lost more than 7% of its natural forest resources. This is alarming in more than just environmental perspectives. Yet, when we look into conservation possibilities, all sides, sectors, direct and indirect reasons need to be assessed before coming to any kind of decision. Since this paper is about the conservation needs of forests, all such sectors and sides have been touched in the following sections. Before the dawn of agriculture approximately 10,000 years ago, forests and open woodland covered about 15. 3 billion acres (6. 2 billion ha) of the globe. Over the centuries, however, about one-third of these natural forests have been destroyed. According to a 1982 study by FAO, about 27. 9 million acres (11. million ha) of tropical forests are cut each year-an area about the size of the States of Ohio or Virginia. Between 1985 and 1990, an estimated 210 million acres (85 million ha) of tropical forests were cut or cleared. In India, Malaysia, and the Philippines, the best commercial forests are gone, and cutting is increasing in South America. (J. Louise). Several factors are responsible for deforestation: clearing for agriculture, fuel woodcutting, and harvesting of wood products. By far the most important of these is clearing for agriculture. In the Tropics, the age-old practice of shifting, sometimes called â€Å"slash-and-burn,† agriculture has been used for centuries. In this primitive system, local people cut a small patch of forest to make way for subsistence farming. After a few years, soil fertility declines and people move on, usually to cut another patch of trees and begin another garden. In the abandoned plot, the degraded soil at first supports only weeds and shrubby trees. Later, soil fertility and trees return, but that may take decades. As population pressure increases, the fallow (rest) period between cycles of gardening is shortened, agricultural yields decrease, and the forest region is further degraded to small trees, brush, or eroded savanna. Conversion to sedentary agriculture is an even greater threat to tropical forests. Vast areas that once supported tropical forests are now permanently occupied by subsistence farmers and ranchers and by commercial farmers who produce sugar, cocoa, palm oil, and other products. In many tropical countries there is a critical shortage of firewood. For millions of rural poor, survival depends on finding enough wood to cook the evening meal. Every year more of the forest is destroyed, and the distance from home to the forest increases. Not only do people suffer by having to spend much of their time in the search for wood, but so does the land. Damage is greatest in dry tropical forests where firewood cutting converts forests to savannas and grasslands. The global demand for tropical hardwoods, an $8-billion-a-year industry, also contributes to forest loss. Tropical forests are usually selectively logged rather than clear-cut. Selective logging leaves the forest cover intact but usually reduces its commercial value because the biggest and best trees are removed. Selective logging also damages remaining trees and soil, increases the likelihood of fire, and degrades the habitat for wildlife species that require large, old trees-the ones usually cut. In addition, logging roads open up the forests to shifting cultivation and permanent settlement. In the past, logging was done primarily by primitive means-trees were cut with axes and logs were moved with animals such as oxen. Today the use of modern machinery–chain saws, tractors, and trucks -makes logging easier, faster, and potentially more destructive. In Bangladesh, it is more or less the same picture. Being a developing country which is yet striving to stand on its own feet, it is still extracting its only, and few available resources such as forests for the sake of rapid economic growth. Further more, the lack of land space is forcing settlers to encroach upon forest land, in order to use it for agriculture and fisheries purposes. The poor are using forests as means for survival, and there is little the administration (local governments and forest department) can do to stop illegal encroachment in forests. Yet even so, as I have stated in my hypothesis, it is possible for a country like Bangladesh to conserve forests and elevate poverty at the same time, and the following sections will consist of exactly how this may be achieved. In his article â€Å"Conservation Strategy: Rationale and a Framework†, Dr. Mizanur Rahman Khan says, â€Å"†¦there is a difference in perspective regarding what to conserve and how to conserve. One group, often dubbed as ‘radical greens’, argue that the global environmental problems have already reached a crisis proportion and require a ‘fire fighting’ strategy. On the other side of the fence, there are ‘free-market’ environmentalists who argue that environmental laws and regulations impose unfair burdens on the economy and on individuals. † A balance between the two is what Dr. M Khan thinks is required, and he goes on to say that the protection of the environment is an essential part of development and that this is globally recognized. In this light, when we look at the conservation efforts being made to conserve the forests of Bangladesh, it is almost immediately clear that most of the above stated conditions are not being applied. Problems with definitions of protected areas still remain, and hence loop holes give people the chance to illegally encroach upon the land. So the question is now, what is there to be done? What steps should Bangladesh authorities take to prevent such anomalies and protect the forests we have? A simple solution is given by Dr. Abdur Rob Khan, a well known economist and research director at Bangladesh Institute of International and Strategic Studies, when he was asked as to what Bangladesh can do. Dr Rob says: â€Å"Indeed Bangladesh does have the capability to both conserve and elevate poverty at the same time. To do that, the first and most obvious step is to introduce participatory forestry. The stake holders have to be identified and given proper priority in terms of their needs and requirements. Second, we have far too less forest cover, only about 6-7% of the total land area right now. This has to be doubled. This can be done by introducing social forestry, homestead forestry and road side forestry. Once these two steps have been undertaken, we can then head on towards poverty elevation, because both these steps will not only help the nation as a whole, but also see to the needs of the local people in and around forests. Other wise, conservation may face an early death, and we may as well lose our forests. † The points upheld by Dr. Abdur Rob are to great degrees true. Indeed, the only way to ensure the survival of a resource and the people associated with it is to introduce those people into its management and care. Below I have stated some of the ways to o this and also some other steps towards conserving forests. PARTICIPATORY FORESTRY: (Social Forestry) To involve the local people, and to pick out the stake holders, the initial thing that needs to be done is to get to know the social aspects of the people involved. This process is called â€Å"Focus Group Discussions† Basically; authority people have to go to the locality and get to know the social life styles of the local people. This is done by conducting such discussions with selected people from the locality. A questionnaire is made which involves everything ranging from average yearly income to what festivals they have and their matrimonial practices. Once this can be done, stake holders can be identified and selected out. They are then involved in to the management regimes, including decision making privileges to resource extraction etc. In depth discussions are then held with the selected people and local leaders to figure out how benefits are to be shared. Both tangible and intangible benefits from the forest are then held up to the people. Participatory forestry can be seen in practice in the strip plantations in and around Dhaka along side roads and rail lines. These are basically community based resource management schemes, from which involved people receive benefits in future for their present services, hence encouraging them to conserve the site. ANCIENT FORESTRY PRACTICES In ancient Persia (now Iran), forest protection and nature conservation laws were in effect as early as 1,700 B. C. Two thousand years ago the Chinese practiced what they called â€Å"four sides† forestry-trees were planted on house side, village side, road side, and water side. More than 1,000 years ago, Javanese maharajahs brought in teak and began to cultivate it. In the African Tropics, agro forestry (growing of food crops n association with trees) has been practiced for hundreds of years. Relatively little is known about tropical forestry before the mid 1800's in most places. At that time, the European colonial empires notably the Dut ch, English, and Spanish-brought modern forest management practices to Indonesia, India, Africa, and the Caribbean. Centers for forestry and forestry research were established, and more careful records were kept. (J. Louise). SUSTAINABLE FORESTRY Modern forestry has its basis in 18th-century Germany. Like the Chinese and the Mayan forest practices, German forestry is essentially agricultural. Trees are managed as a crop. Two concepts are important: renewability and sustainability. Renewability means that trees can be replanted and seeded and harvested over and over again on the same tract of land in what are known as crop â€Å"rotations. † Sustainability means that forest harvest can be sustained over the long term. How far into the future were foresters expected to plan? As long as there were vast acres of virgin (original) forests remaining, this question was somewhat academic. Today, however, sustainability is a vital issue in forestry. Most of the world's virgin forests are gone, and people must rely more and more on second- growth or managed forests. Perhaps we now face, as never before, the limits to long-term productivity. In the German forest model, forestry is viewed as a continual process of harvest and regeneration. Harvest of wood products is a goal, but a forester's principal tasks are to assure long-term productivity. That is achieved by cutting the older, mature, and slow-growing timber to make way for a new crop of young, fast-growing trees. HARVEST REGENRATION METHOD Three examples of timber harvest-regeneration methods (silvicultural systems) illustrate how foresters manage stands to produce timber on a sustained basis. SELECTION Individual trees or small groups of trees are harvested as they become mature. Numerous small openings in the forest are created in which saplings or new seedlings can grow. The resulting forest has a continuous forest canopy and trees of all ages. Such systems favor slow-growing species that are shade tolerant. CLEAR CUTTING In clear cutting, an entire stand of trees is removed in one operation. From the forester's point of view, clear cutting is the easiest way to manage a forest-and the most economical. Regeneration may come from sprouts on stumps, from seedlings that survive the logging operation, or from seeds that germinate after the harvest. If natural regeneration is delayed longer than desired, the area is planted or seeded. Clear cutting systems are often used to manage fast-growing species that require a lot of light. Resulting stands are even aged because all the trees in an area are cut-and regenerated-at the same time. Clear cutting has become controversial in recent years because it has the potential to damage watersheds and because it tends to eliminate species of wildlife dependent on old growth trees. If clear cuts are kept small and the cutting interval is long enough, however, biological diversity may not be impaired. SHELTERWOOD In Shelterwood systems, the forest canopy is removed over a period of years, usually in two cuttings. After the first harvest, natural regeneration begins in the understory. By the time the second harvest is made, enough young trees have grown to assure adequate regeneration. Shelterwood systems favor species that are intermediate in tolerance to shade. Such systems are difficult to use successfully and are the least used of the three silvicultural methods described. ANALYSIS OF FINDINGS: It seems that the obvious conclusion would be, as Dr. Rob said, that social forestry is the best option available to us at present. This will not only enable Bangladesh to conserve its few remaining forests, but also use those forests efficiently as a tool to poverty elevation. In fact this is not the first time research on Bangladesh forests has led to such conclusions. Many experts have done similar such research and have come to find this sort of forestry as efficient means of conservation. [pic] . Fig: Plantation in Shatchori reserved forest. Bangladesh yet faces many hard steps to the stage we call developed. Even now, it faces harden blockades when the question of conservation arises. Poverty, high population, land shortage, illegal encroachment, political disfucntionings and sheer ignorance of duty are just some of the barricades that hold us back from preserving the few resources we have left in this once lushly rich country. It not as though we are not conserving. Indeed, plantations have come up across the country in what seems hopeful ways. It seems that there is yet hope for us and our forests. Shatchari, Modhupur, Lawachara, Medakochapia are some bright names in our success books concerning plantation forestry. Yet I raise the question to the jury, is this what we really want for us? Do we really want to see some time in the future that the country is devoid of its natural forests and has only plantations left? Plantations, Strip plantations, mono-cultures, botanical gardens are very good in terms of forest cover, but if we lose all our natural forests, what would happen to all the hundreds of species of animals and birds that we have? We would lose them forever. Will it be possible for us to conserve them to? The case stands for the rest of the world as well. Tropical forests are being deforested at a football field size a day. Very soon, perhaps sooner than we think, we will lose what we have left to the greed of a few ignorant people. Will it not shame us to think that we human beings will be responsible of wiping out all other species just for the sake of our comfort? Is this not a question of ethics? It remains to be seen as to how Bangladesh, less to say the rest of the world acts to save its forests, yet perhaps it is not wise to just sit and wait for some miracle to happen. It is time we put on our thinking caps and stepped out into the field, and tried our best to see to that we leave the few natural pristine forests remaining at peace with themselves. Work cited: †¢ Mastrantonio J. Louise. â€Å"CONSERVATION OF FORESTS†. Online journal. nd. 18th December 2006. http://www. fs. fed. us/global/lzone/student/tropical. htm †¢ Forests of the World. â€Å"Forestry Overview†. Online article. nd. 19th December 2006. http://www. worldwildlife. org/forests/ †¢ Davis, L. S 1966. â€Å"Forest Management†. 1st edition. pp 790. †¢ Earth Trends. â€Å"Forest Conservation†. Online Journal. nd. 19th December 2006. http://earthtrends. wri. org/text/biodiversity-protected/country-profiles. html Forest Conservation. â€Å"Enterprise for the Americas in Action†. Online article. nd. 19th December 2006. http://www. earthvoice. org/animal. habitat/forest. conservation. htm †¢ Khan, Mizanur Rahman. â€Å"Conservation Strategy: Rationale and a Framework†. Conservation and Sustainable Development. †¢ Interview : Dr. Abdur Rob Khan. Research Director at Bangladesh Institute of International and Strategic Studies, Dhaka, Bangladesh. 20th December 2006.

United states syria intervention

Lebanon, Turkey, Iraq, Jordan and Israel. Syria has gained independence in 1930, but always had political problems. The civil war that sparked in 2011 and continued in 2012, the war completely devastated the country. More than 45,000 people were believed to be killed, most of them probably civilians. By the end of 2012 a thousands more were Injured. About 470,000 Syrian refugees were registered with the United Nations to give civilians access to countries Like Lebanon, Turkey, Iraq, and Jordan, while thousands of other people cross the border without registration.The united States government is practically bankrupt right now; the financial system is on the verge of a collapse. Ever since the military campaign â€Å"War on Terror† which started as a result of the September 11 attack. It was a military campaign to eliminate al-Qaeda. As of today this campaign Is still ongoing. From the beginning of the ‘War on Terror our national debt was under six billion dollars. Today I t has increased to 14. 3 trillion dollars. That's where the taxpayer moneys go. â€Å"Finally, there is also a strategic argument in favor of intervention.The U. S. Has o strategic interests in Syria, but it does have them in nearly all of Syrians neighbors. Turkey is a NATO ally. † – Kenneth M. Pollack. Pollack is stating that the U. S government really doesn't reason to intervene there because they don't have plans, they only wish to do an airstrips. History Intends to repeat Itself, This situation Is almost the same as the on Iraq. President Bush administered a â€Å"War on Terror†. President Bush believed that Iraq had biological weapons which proven to be false. Billions of taxpayer money has been wasted on the war.Moreover, United States also wanted to establish democracy n Iraq. Democracy wasn't around for long, instead riots started breaking out. Sunnis and Shiite militants attacked U. S troops. Then a civil war broke out between the Sunnis and the Shiit es. Violence after Violence, I can predict the same fate for Syria too. I am not the only one who is opposed against this, most of our fellow Americans are too is against this, and only nine percent of Americans believes that united States should take military actions against Syria. With support like that no wonder Obama backed out of this.Moreover, Syria poses no threat to us. So far no one has pointed out on how attacking Syria Is vital to the United States. The U. S military Job is to protect the security of United States, not to Intervene with other nations. Government. The United States don't seem to be seeking out Sad. There is clearly no goal here. The United States is left open for another war, wasting more of the taxpayer's money. All the taxpayers' money can be used in our education system, or our NASA program. The government needs to spend our money more wisely. I also believe it is unacceptable to encourage more war. As far as I'm concerned, ar always means failure† – Jacques Circa. War solves nothing, leaders must find peaceful way to resolve their issues, and therefore war only brings pain and violence to people's lives.

Patents Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Patents Rights - Essay Example The invention however should not be a scientific, mathematical discovery, theory or method, a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work, or a way of performing mental act, playing a game or computer programs or doing business, an animal or plant variety, medical treatment / diagnosis as also things against public policy or morality. If the above points meet your new invention you can consider applying for a patent from the government. The patent has to be renewed every year from the 5th year up to 20 years of protection. (What is a Property, 2007). "Some other types of intellectual property rights are referred to as patents in some jurisdictions: industrial design rights are called design patents in some jurisdictions (they protect the visual design of objects that are not purely utilitarian), plant breeders' rights are sometimes called plant patents, and utility models or Gebrauchsmuster are sometimes called petty patents or innovation patents. This article relates primarily to the patent for an invention, although so-called petty patents and utility models may also be granted for inventions." (Patent, 2008). "The Commissioner of Patents & Trademarks has authority from Congress to establish rules and regulations for conduct of proceedings relating to granting and issuing of patents, known as "Patent Office Prosecution". These rules and regulations are set forth in Title 37' of the code of Federal Regulations." (Hildreth, 1998). The most important thing to consider before applying for a patent is how and when it should be protected, and application should be done before issuing any details or information to public regarding the invention. If this is not taken care of, the scope for protection of the innovation either under patent law or as a trade secret under the law relating to confidential information gets limited. "Whilst international conventions are important in protecting patent rights, such conventions deal primarily with procedural issues, while substantive patent law remains governed by national laws." "In contrast to copyright or the law of confidential information, patent protection does not arise automatically and the filing of an application for a patent, followed by its grant, is necessary in order to obtain protection." (Patents / Designs Law Articles). While applying for a Patent following points should be taken into account: 1) A patent must be filed by actual sole inventor or joint inventor of an invention. 2) If the inventor expires, his legal representative can apply for patent on his behalf. 3) If inventor is insane or legally incapacitated, his legal representative like guardian etc. can apply for patent on his behalf. 4) If there are joint inventors, and one of them does not want to apply, refuses for patent, or cannot be located, the other person can further proceed application of patent on first inventor's behalf. However, the first inventor must have agreed in writing to assign the invention to the other party or the party has proprietary interest in the invention. 5) The applicant of Patent should take care to note the date with appropriate

Reflection about the yellow wallpaper story Essay

Reflection about the yellow wallpaper story - Essay Example The woman is suffering from a condition of nervous depression that significantly affects her social life. When she comes back to the mansion that her husband had bought, she feels that there was something queer about the mansion, which had for so long had no occupants. Her husband who is her doctor confines her in a room upstairs because as he said the treatment the woman required that she engaged in no activity and particularly forbid her from writing and working. All this was done so she could achieve mental wellbeing. Separated from any form of intellectual stimulation and only her journal the woman starts a descent into obsession. The woman gets into a kind of fixation with the yellow wallpaper on the wall, this happens to be the only visual stimulation present within the room and around her confinement. Due to the isolation, the woman begins to perceive that there was another woman attempting to break free who was creeping in the room behind the wallpaper. In a bid to rescue the imprisoned woman, the narrator tears down pieces of the wallpaper to set her free. This story reflects the social norms present in the 19th century where the feminine gender was expected to fulfill duties of being mothers and wives and be content with the dominion of men over them. Women were consequently doomed to spend solely their lives in domestic spheres. Although John can be seen the dominant villain of the story; he is just but a reflection of the society that pushed women to the lowest society level when they tried to enter the masculine

Bryan Forbes The Stepford Wives Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Bryan Forbes The Stepford Wives - Movie Review Example The TV show Desperate Housewives clearly references the film in its depiction of one of the main characters, Bree Van De Kamp, due to her 1970s-era standard of wifely and motherly perfection. But while the novelty of the concept of wives being turned into robotic versions of themselves may be exactly what is needed to affirm the 1970s genre of horror cinema-as evidenced by Carrie, The Exorcist, The Omen, and many others-the social implications of the film were not always welcomed by concerned parties. In particular, the undeniable strengthening of the feminist movement in America in the 1980s that gave women even louder voices in societal issues did not find much significance in The Stepford Wives, despite the clear commentary on the prevalent patriarchal norms being followed by general American societies. The analysis then would be centered on this issue, from the communication of female-related concepts and the subsequent interpretation made; the statement about women, after all, is much more pronounced in this text than in the author's previous work, Rosemary's Baby. The film is quite curious from the very beginning, with the ominous perfection of a scene showing a young couple, Joanna and Walter, moving their family from busy, noisy New York City to the peaceful suburb of Stepford. As many horror stories would have it, the idyllic situation slowly starts changing, mainly due to the peculiar behavior of some of the wives in the community. They were strange in their demeanor and ideals, akin to TV portrayals of perfect mothers and wives who spent all their time cooking and cleaning with nary a hair out of place. Subsequently, the transformation of Joanna's friend Bobbie and Joanna herself reveals how the community is controlled by the men, who apparently discard their wives for mechanical look-alikes that would function exactly as expected. But the image created by the film with regard to the epitome of womanhood-specifically in women's roles in the home, such as cooking, cleaning, and maintaining an appearance that conforms to standards promoted by media-is largely within the stereotype of the Caucasian female married to a Caucasian man of stable economic means, enough to provide for a home equipped with the necessary elements that would allow for the keeping up of the image. Children would not be more than two, and are well-dressed and well-behaved. Husbands would leave home and return at very specific times, during which the wife must be ready to attend to his every wish. As this cannot be possible in the frenetic environment of cities and urban addresses, it essentially finds its setting in the suburbs of America, taking from the afterthought to the phenomenon of urbanization, which is the contrary suburbanization. Joanne and Walter's move from New York to Stepford is typical of this occurrence, as more and more problems become associated with living in cities. The growing concern for less substantial economic costs and adhering to a lifestyle denoted by family and community time is at the core of suburbanization, which led many to move back to the suburbs. One of the major influences of this change is "the preference for

Six Sigma Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Six Sigma - Research Paper Example I selected this topic so as to be better equipped with the knowledge and skills that can enable me improve the overall performance of a company I hope to work for in future; Caterpillar Incorporated. Six Sigma is a concept that has been utilized by large and highly profitable organizations to aid their businesses to perform better than before. In fact, it has been deemed as an entirely new method that works, in managing businesses according to Pyzdek (26). Six Sigma will be important to me since, compared to other techniques of quality improvement; it scores much higher and allows organizations to realize their full potentials. For instance, the Total Quality Management (TQM) technique mostly focuses on attaining predetermined quality levels but does not push the business to perform at its peak. As future industry leader who will seek to get the most from his business, I will definitely find this concept to be of the uttermost importance since it has worked for other big companies and will definitely work for me too. Six Sigma focuses on making consistent quality improvements until the organization is fully optimized. On achieving a certain quality level, the technique calls for the business to shift gears and begin concentrating on attaining better quality levels. This whole process continues to the optimization off all the business processes. Six Sigma is therefore important for any company as it will push it to efficiently produce higher quality products. This will be advantageous to me as, apart from improving the company’s overall efficiency and reducing operational costs, it will in addition give me a lead over my competitors. DMADV and DMAIC are the acronyms of the two methodologies that Sigma Six projects follow in eliminating defects from products or processes. The methodologies are both made up of five phases. Define-Measure-Analyze-Implement-Control or in short, DMAIC, is used in

Media - A Fine Line Between Reporting the News and Creating the News Research Paper

Media - A Fine Line Between Reporting the News and Creating the News - Research Paper Example In actual sense, the journalists are the one that create the news by making them happen newsworthy. Most news organizations deliver news to the people, but they cannot always be where the news. This has led them to use the techniques of creating that could have happened. Through journalistic beats, we find the creation and reporting of news having a clear line to fill the pressures with news demand (Kenneth 45). To support this view, journalist beats being places where news events are usually expected to happen hence providing them with a steady stream of news. The crime report is usually created but not reported, example is the one that was on Toronto Star page A8 (Richard A8). This story is an example of news collected from provincial police officers and reported making it as though the journalist was at the courthouse. This excerpt from Toronto stars exhibits the way news is created and made to be reported. The w audience cannot question the news worthiness hence a fine line betwe en creating the news and reporting the news (Schudson

Power the Structure of Conflict Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Power the Structure of Conflict - Case Study Example Bringing both the parties at level with each other through communication is the greatest task of mediation aiming at eliminating power abuse. In the given case study, Roland makes use of his power through verbal bullying and abuse with his partner and the subordinates, which makes him less popular among them due to which people working under him are suffering through job dissatisfaction. Power imbalance between the two partners, Roland and Karen, makes them enter into conflicts every now and then and since Karen seems to be in less power, this makes her submissive and more understanding. Roland can deal with the conflicts in a better way by communicating with the workers on friendly terms and making them feel at ease with him so that they share their ideas with him and a better solution is approached. But since, Roland wants to use his power therefore he is less understanding and is imposing his decisions upon the others.

Starbucks Corporate Strategy Essay Example for Free

Starbucks Corporate Strategy Essay Starbucks Corporate Strategy Corporate Strategy fundamentally is concerned with the selection of businesses in which the company should compete and with the development and coordination of that portfolio of business. [1] In the case of Starbucks the corporate strategy they have implemented is unique to their industry which has allowed them to differentiate from their competitors and is summarized best by Howard Schultz CEO of Starbucks, â€Å"We’re in the people business serving coffee,[2]† high quality specialty coffee and related products in a European cafe environment. It is clear Starbucks is in a growth strategy utilizing three key techniques that support its Mission, â€Å"to inspire and nurture the human spirit – one person, one cup and one neighbourhood at a time†[3]. Vertical Integration Tying in with Starbucks’ Mission, the companies vertical integration with its supply chain from roasting its own coffee in one of two of its plants to its involvement with developing and fostering strategic partnerships with local coffee farmers may be the most important growth strategy the company focuses on. Quality and corporate social responsibility are the pillars of Starbucks; vertical integration is the key component to insuring both of these fundamental characteristics of Starbucks are managed. Diversification Starbucks has created related diversification into wholesale distribution by developing coffee based branded products with Pepsi-Cola and Dreyer’s Inc. that can be sold in grocery stores. The company is also expanding into non-related industries by creating an entertainment division focusing on the music and movie industry. As Starbucks expands diversification will become as important as its vertical integration as it moves through the product lifecycle in the coffee industry. (See Appendix A) Horizontal Integration Starbucks has expanded with horizontal integration by acquiring Seattle’s Best Coffee and Torreazione Italia Coffee. With the increased competition and new entrants in the coffee industry horizontal integration may become a greater focus for Starbucks. Starbucks Business Strategy At the business level, the strategic issues are less about the coordination of operating units and more about developing and sustaining a competitive advantage[4]. In order to understand the Coffee Industry’s competitive advantage the use of Porters five Competitive Forces Model should be utilized. (appendix b) Starbucks has gained its competitive advantage by the use of diversification. The company has focused, through vertical integration corporate strategy, on providing the highest quality coffee products in a sustainable practice that is highly identifiable by its customer base. The use of their innovative marketing design with their European Cafe feel and creative diversification with its products has allowed it to be classified as, â€Å"the most dynamic retail brand conceived over the last two decades†[5] Starbucks faces a high degree of rivalry and a medium degree of buyer power (appendix b). The coffee industry also retains many characteristics of having high Consumer Market Segmentation, which can be supported by the relatively large span in the price for a cup of coffee and the varying degree in which certain coffee chains are found in certain particular geographic regions and outlets. Starbucks has found a way to incorporate a broad strategy attracting a broad consumer despite the high prices of its products[6]. This supports that their differentiation strategy is affective and it is clear consumers can identify the high quality of their products and the overall experience of visiting one of their locations. With a high threat of new entrants (appendix b) and the presence of high Consumer Market Segmentation, Starbucks’ strong differentiation strategy will allow it to remain competitive in light of this high threat.

Introduction To Bulk Carriers And Cargo Operations Engineering Essay

Introduction To Bulk Carriers And Cargo Operations Engineering Essay Introduction to Bulk Carriers Bulk Carriers are designed primarily for the transportation of solid bulk cargoes. Leading bulk cargoes are coal, iron ore, phosphate, nitrate and grains such as wheat. The carriage of cargo in bulk reduces packaging costs and loading and unloading operations can be speeded up.  In many cases bulk cargoes are found in countries away from where they are required. Bulk carriers are built to various sizes and classified as Handymax/Panamax/Cape-sized bulkers etc. They also vary in types like geared bulkers, self-unloaders, combination carriers etc. Bulk carriers today form a high percentage of world trade. Bulk cargoes carried by them are subject to hazards because of which there are various codes in place for the safety of operating Bulk Carriers. They comprise of the BC Code, International Code for the Safe Carriage of Grain in Bulk (International Grain Code).   Like the original grain rules, the Code is to prevent the particular qualities of grain threatening the stability of ships when it is carried in bulk.  Ã‚   The revised BC Code deals with types of cargoes which may liquefy, materials which possess chemical hazards, and materials which fall into neither of these categories but may nevertheless pose other dangers.   The Code highlights dangers associated with certain types of cargoes giving information on their properties and how to handle them. Various test procedures are stated as well to determine properties of the cargo. The Code also lays importance on how cargoes should be properly distributed so as not to overstress the structure and maintain an adequate standard of stability. All bulk cargoes when loaded have an angle or repose which determines if the cargo is prone to shift. Unlike high dense cargoes such as iron ore cargoes like grain have a low angle of repose whereby the code states precautions to take so that the cargo movement does not affect the vessels stability. For cargoes with low angle of repose, the Code states that such cargoes should be trimmed reasonably and the holds should be filled fully as far as possible without resulting in excessive weight on the supporting structure. The  trimming also helps to cut oxidation by reducing the surface area exposed to the atmosphere thus preventing spontaneous combustion. The code states dangers related with different types of cargoes, like some cargoes are liable to oxidation where as others may emit toxic fumes without oxidation or when wet.   The code gives details of precautions that should be taken for these types of cargoes. The Code also gives details of the various sampling procedures and tests which should be used before transporting concentrates and similar materials and also recommended test procedures to be used by laboratories. A list of cargoes, which may liquefy is contained in appendix A to the Code, while appendix B gives an extensive list of materials possessing chemical hazards.   Appendix C deals with bulk cargoes which are neither liable to liquefy nor possess chemical hazards.   More detailed information concerning test procedures, associated apparatus and standards, which are referred to in the Code are contained in appendix D.   Emergency Schedules for those materials listed in appendix B are contained in appendix E.   Recommendations for entering cargo spaces, tanks, pump rooms, fuel tanks and similar enclosed compartments are shown in appendix F.   Procedures for gas monitoring of coal cargoes are contained in appendix G. Works Cited Isbester, J (1993), Bulk Carrier Practice IMO, (2004), BC Code Ship/Shore Safety checklist for loading or unloading dry bulk cargo carriers Dateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Portà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Terminal/Quayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Available depth of water in berthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..Minimum air draughtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Ships nameà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Arrival draught (read/calculated)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Air draughtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Calculated departure draughtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..Air draughtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. The master and terminal manager, or their representatives, should complete the checklist jointly. Advice on points to be considered is given in the accompanying guidelines. The safety of operations requires that all questions should be answered affirmatively and the boxes ticked. If this is not possible, the reason should be given, and agreement reached upon precautions should be taken between ship and terminal. If a question is considered to be not applicable write N/A, explaining why if appropriate. SHIP TERMINAL Is the depth of the water at the berth, And the air draught, adequate for the Cargo operations to be completed? Are mooring operations adequate for all local effects of tide, current, Weather, traffic and craft alongside? In emergency, is the ship able to leave the berth at any time? Is there safe access between the Ship and the wharf? Tended by ship/terminalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (cross out as appropriate) Is the agreed ship or terminal communications system operative? Communication methodà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Languageà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Radio channels/phone numbersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. SHIP TERMINAL Are the liaison contact persons during operations positively identified? Ship contact personsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Shore contact person(s)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Locationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Are adequate crew on board, and adequate staff in the terminal, for emergency? Have any bunkering operations been advised and agreed? Have any intended repairs to wharf or ship whilst alongside been advised and agreed? Has a procedure for reporting and recording damage from cargo operations been agreed? Has the ship been provided with copies of port and terminal regulations, including safety and pollution requirements and details of emergency services? Has the shipper provided the master with the properties of the cargo in accordance with the requirements of chapter VI of SOLAS? 13. Is the atmosphere safe in holds and enclosed spaces to which access may be required, have fumigated cargoes been identified, and has the need for monitoring of atmosphere been agreed by ship and terminal? Have the cargo handling capacity and any limits of travel for each Loader/unloader been passed to the ship/terminal? Loaderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Loaderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Loaderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Has a cargo loading or unloading plan been calculated for all stages of loading /deballasting or unloading/ballasting? Copy lodged withà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ SHIP TERMINAL Have the holds to be worked been clearly identified in the loading or unloading plan, showing the sequence of work, and the grade and tonnage of cargo to be transferred each time the hold is worked? Has the need for trimming of cargo in the holds been discussed, and have the methods and extent been agreed? Do both ship and terminal understand and accept that if the ballast programme becomes out of step with the cargo operation, it will be necessary to suspend cargo operation until the ballast operation has caught up? Have the intended procedure for removing cargo residues lodged in the holds while unloading, been explained to the ship and accepted? 20. Have the procedures to adjust the final trim of the loading ship been decided and agreed? Tonnage held by the terminal conveyer systemà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Has the terminal been advised of the time required for the ship to prepare for sea, on completion of cargo work? THE ABOVE HAS BEEN AGREED: Timeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Dateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ For shipà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. For terminalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Rankà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Position/Titleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Works Cited IMO, (1998), BLU Code, pp.22-25 GYPSUM A natural hydrated calcium sulphate. Insoluble in water. It is loaded as a fine powder that aggregates into lumps. Average moisture content is 1% to 2%. Characteristics Angle of repose Bulk density(kg/m3) St. Factor (m3) N.A. 1282 to 1493 0.67 to 0.78 Size Class Group Up to 100mm N.A. C Hazard: No special hazard. This cargo is non-combustible or has a low fire-risk. Hold cleanliness: No special requirement. Weather precautions: This cargo is to be kept as dry as possible. It shall not be handled during precipitation. All non working holds in which the cargo is loaded or to be loaded to be kept closed. Loading: Trim in accordance with sections 4 5 of the IMSBC CODE. Precautions: No special requirements. Ventilation: No special requirements. Carriage: No special requirements. Discharge: No special requirements. Clean up: Prior to washing of this cargo, decks and cargo spaces should be shovelled and swept clean because washing of the cargo is difficult. Loaded voyage Hatch covers should be secured battened down for sea and water tight. Booby hatches holds ventilation flaps to be secured and should be water tight. Works Cited (2009), IMSBC Code, pp. 176 Information Provided by Shipper Prior to loading of any cargo the shipper provides the master with information necessary for the safe planning and supervision of loading of the cargo. A declaration is made by the shipper related to the cargo in compliance with the recommendation of the BC Code. Along with the MSDS, information provided consists of: Shippers name Reference numbers Consignee Description of cargo (type of material/particle size etc.) Stowage factor Specification of cargo (IMO class, Ems No. Etc.) Angle of repose Chemical properties Relevant special properties of cargo Additional certificates, if required such as TML and moisture content, exemption certificate etc. Works Cited IMO, (1998) BLU Code, pp. 32 MSDS FOR GYPSUM 1. Product Identification Synonyms: Alabaster, Gypsum stone, Land plaster, Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate, Native calcium sulphate. CAS No.: 13397-24-5 2. Composition/Information on Ingredients Ingredient CAS No Percent Hazardous Gypsum 13397-24-5 90 99% No 3. Hazards Identification Toxic Harmful by inhalation (contains crystalline silica). Mineral Formulae: CaSo42H2O Emergency Overview It is an off white, odourless powder. It is not combustible or explosive. Short term exposure to the powder poses no hazard. Potential Health Effects - Inhalation: May causes irritation to the respiratory tract and choking depending on the degree of exposure. Ingestion: Do not ingest. Small quantities are not known to be harmful but large quantities can cause an obstruction causing pain in the digestive tract. Skin Contact: May cause irritation, dry skin and discomfort. Eye Contact: May cause immediate or delayed irritation or inflammation. With large amounts it can cause eye irritation, redness. Eye exposure requires immediate first aid. Chronic Exposure (inhalation): The product contains crystalline silica which with prolonged or repeated inhalation can cause disabling and fatal lung disease. Silicosis (prolonged inhalation of crystalline silica) increases risk of tuberculosis. Some studies show an increased incidence of chronic kidney disease and end stage renal disease in workers exposed to respirable crystalline silica. Medical Conditions aggravated by exposure: Individuals with lung disease can cause aggregation by exposure. 4. First Aid Measures Inhalation: Remove to fresh air. Seek medical attention for discomfort or if coughing. Ingestion: Do not induce vomiting .If conscious have person drink plenty of water. Get medical attention. Skin Contact: Wash with cool water and mild skin detergent. Seek medical attention for rash, irritation and prolonged unprotected exposure to wet gypsum. Eye Contact: Immediately flush eyes with water for at least 15 minutes, including lower eyelids. Seek medical attention for abrasions and burns. 5. Fire Fighting Measures Fire: Poses no fire related hazard. General Hazard: Avoid breathing dust. Fire Extinguishing Media: Use any means suitable for extinguishing surrounding fire. Fire fighting Equipment: A SCBA is recommended to limit exposures to combustion products when fighting any fire. 6. Accidental Release Measures. Put spilled material in a container. Avoid actions causing it to become airborne. Avoid inhalation and contact with skin. Wear appropriate PPE at all times. Do not wash gypsum down sewage and drainage systems. 7. Handling and Storage General: Keep bulk gypsum dry until used. Engulfment hazard. To prevent burial or suffocation, do not enter confined space. Gypsum can build up or adhere to walls of confined space. It can release or fall unexpectedly. Do not stand on stockpiles of gypsum, they may be unstable. Usage: Cutting, crushing, sanding or other crystalline silica bearing materials will release respirable crystalline silica. Housekeeping: Avoid actions causing the gypsum to become airborne during clean up. Use all appropriate measures of dust control or suppression. Clothing: Promptly remove and launder clothing that is dusty or wet with gypsum. Wash skin after exposure to gypsum. 8. Exposure Controls/Personal Protection Engineering Controls: Use local exhaust or other suppression methods to maintain dust levels. Skin Protection: Wear protective gloves, boot covers and clean body-covering clothing. Remove clothing and protective equipment that becomes saturated with wet gypsum and wash exposed areas. Eye Protection: Wear approved safety goggles when handling dust or wet gypsum to prevent contact with eyes. Wearing contact lenses under dust conditions is not recommended. Respiratory Protection: Under ordinary conditions no respiratory protection is required. Wear a approved respirator when exposed to dust above exposure limits. 9. Physical and Chemical Properties Appearance: White or off-white powder. Odour: None Solubility in water: Negligible Specific Gravity: 2.3 g/cm3 pH: 5-8 Boiling Point: >1000 C Freezing Point: None, solid Vapour Density NA. Vapour Pressure NA. Evaporation Rate NA. 10. Stability and Reactivity Stability: Stable. Avoid contact with incompatible materials. Hazardous Decomposition: Decomposes to sulphur oxide and calcium oxide above 1450 C Hazardous Polymerization: None. Incompatibilities: Gypsum is incompatible with acids. It contains silicates which may react with powerful oxidizers such as fluorine, chlorine trifluoride and oxygen difluoride. 11 and 12. Toxicological and Ecological Information Refer to contact information provided. 13. Disposal Considerations Dispose of waste and containers in compliance with applicable Federal, state, provincial and local regulations. Works Cited www.lafarge-na.com (Accessed: 16 November 2010) PREPARATION OF HOLDS On completion of discharge the mate decides on the procedure for cleaning of the holds on basis of time, manpower and next cargo to be loaded. Some cargoes require certain precautions in relation to cleaning of the holds. Gypsum on the other had requires no special preparation. Prior to commencement of cleaning it should be ensured that minimum amount of cargo is left behind by the stevedores. In the early stages of discharge of cargo like wheat when there are interruptions crew members can be sent into the hold to clean positions high under the deck head which will not be accessible during the later stages. This should only be done when there is no cargo working in the hold and it has been ascertained that there is no risk to the crew members. Before commencing work it should be ensured the cargo space is fully ventilated and a Permit to Work obtained. All crew to have proper PPE and safety equipment. The holds are to be swept prior washing in a manner whereby creating minimum dust clouds. The bilges should be checked so that no cargo has gotten in to them and if required get out the cargo before the completion of discharge. The stevedores should be requested to remove the sweepings gathered by the crew. If for reasons it is not possible it should then be stored in drums and kept ready for lifting by the ships cranes. When it is clear and permissible(taking account of the weather) to use the ships cranes the sweepings should be hoisted from the holds and stored on deck until such time when it would be possible to tip it overboard. Washing of holds is carried out by using sea water .Hand held hoses are used for this along with a water cannon. This combination uses compressed air to inject more pressure into the water from the mains. This provides a powerful jet which helps in better cleaning reaches high extremities of the holds. The washing sequence starts at the top of the holds and works down towards. Simultaneously a separate party of seamen will wash the hatch covers and comings with the help of hand held hoses. During this process the water should not be allowed to accumulate on the tank top. The bilges should be run continuously. A slight list to either side and maintaining a stern trim is the most effective method to aid in washing. Communication should be maintained with the bridge or the cargo control room to aid with the above. Once the higher extremities of the holds are washed the tank top is then hosed down to wash off the cargo residue and any dirt. The sounding pipes should also be flushed during washing as neglect of this over time causes the pipes to become blocked. When the salt water washing is complete traces of salt remain on the surface of the hold. If this is allowed to remain it helps in corrosion and is also not acceptable by most surveyors which is why the holds should be rinsed with fresh water. This rinsing also aids in accelerating the drying process. The drying of holds is usually carried out by natural ventilation, time permitting. If vessel is at sea and the waters are relatively calm the hatches can be opened up to speed up the process. The puddles formed by depressions in the tank top are sponged or mopped up by the crew. The water accumulated between the manhole surface and the lid will also have to be dried. The hold bilges should be drained of the unpumpable water, cleaned along with the strum boxes and then dried as well. Once the holds have dried an inspection should be carried out. Loose rust scales if found should be scrapped and cleared. Look for any cargo residue which may be spotted from the hold ladder high up. Bulk heads, tank tops are clean to touch. Look for any residues beneath manhole cover plates and behind pipes. Outlets for the CO2 system should be checked to ensure they are not blocked. If time permits DB tanks can be pressed up to check for any leakages in the holds. Holds to be also checked for damages in case they were missed out during discharge and if found recorded. Also if any maintenance as per the PMS or repair work needs to be carried out should be attended to, time permitting and recorded. A chalk test or a hose test can be carried out to check the water tight integrity of the hatch covers and any repairs if required and then logged. The final preparation would consist of resealing the manhole covers with duct tape. The bilge plate should be bur lapped and replaced to prevent the cargo from falling into the bilge. This system also allows the water to drain in the bilge. In the hold used for heavy weather ballast the gaskets along with the bolting of the watertight cover plate over the ballast suction should be checked. Works Cited South Tyneside College Notes. Isbester, J (1993), Bulk Carrier Practice HAZARDS ASSOCIATING WHEAT GYPSUM PRECAUTIONS Wheat: Is capable of self combustion due the gases given off. Dust is a major factor as it can affect personnel on deck with regard to respiration and cause irritation if it goes into the eyes. On exposure to wheat dust, personnel may also suffer from wheat rash. It can also affect the ships ventilation system if proper filters are not in place. The free flowing characteristics can reduce stability of a vessel caused by free surface effect (in partially filled holds) similar to liquids in partially filled tanks. Due to movement of the vessel the wheat is likely to shift to a side causing a list or even a possibility of capsizing the vessel. In cases where wheat requires fumigation in the form of pellets, gases or sprays all personnel to be made aware of the poisonous characteristics they pose and precautions to be taken. Precautions: All personnel on deck during cargo operations to be donned with proper PPE at all times, including disposable dust masks and safety goggles. Loading to be carried out as low as possible in holds to minimise dust. Wheat cargo has to be kept dry at all times and any form of water ingress has to be avoided to prevent damage to the cargo. As far as possible wheat should be avoided being loaded by partially filling holds. Where a vessel has partially filled holds she should be trimmed level in order to prevent shift of cargo. The surface of the partially filled holds should be secured by approved methods as mentioned in the IMO-grain rules. These methods used are strapping, lashing, saucering, over stowing and securing with wire mesh. In case fumigation is to be carried out on board the master is to be provided about details and precautions to be taken. The spaces to be fumigated have to have warning signs displayed. It is to be carried out by competent shore personnel. In cases where ships staffs presence is required during this operation, it has to be ensured that adequate respiratory protection is worn. Ventilation is required to a great extent to prevent condensation and removal of heat. The total weight of wheat should not exceed one-third of the ships deadweight. GM of 0.30 meters to be maintained or as given by formulae in the BC Code, whichever is greater. During discharge precautions to be taken by stevedores when using hydraulic equipment and grabs so that oil from such equipment does not damage the cargo. Gypsum: This type of cargo is generally not classified as a hazardous cargo. Airborne dust may cause irritation or inflammation to eyes. It could be harmful by inhalation depending on the level and duration of exposure as it contains crystalline silica. It could also cause skin discomfort to a certain level. It poses an engulfment hazard are personnel are advised not to stand on stock piles. It can also adhere to walls and can collapse and fall unexpectedly. Precautions: All personnel on deck during cargo operations to be donned with proper PPE at all times, including disposable dust masks and approved safety goggles. Actions to be avoided which can cause gypsum to become airborne. Bulk gypsum is to be kept dry until used as it tends to cake when in contact with water. It is recommended not to wash gypsum down sewage and drainage systems. Works Cited www.lafarge-na.com (Accessed: 16 November 2010) South Tyneside college notes MCA, MGN 284 (M+F) Swadi, D (2nd Edtn.), Cargo Notes IMO, International Grain Code LIFTING PLANT In order to have any equipment or machinery working effectively on board vessels a Planned Maintenance System should be in place and in effect. From an inspection of this maintenance record it is easy to keep track of details like when was the maintenance done last, what was done, when is it due next, what materials are required, how many man hours etc. The reason for this planning is so that we have the necessary tools, spares and consumables on board in advance prior to undertaking maintenance. The basic requirements of lifting plants are:- To keep the equipment in safe and good working order To maintain supporting documentation for the above. The main aspects of lifting plant maintenance are: Routine Inspection and Maintenance In addition to statutory inspections routine inspections are to be carried out by a competent person to asses if the plant is safe for continued use looking for problems like: Cracking at welds. Damaged/Missing grease nipples. Hydraulic oil leakage from motors. Worn or damaged wires. Corrosion. Missing markings. Lack of greasing and oiling. Defects to structure and fittings. Swivels that may not be rotating freely. Loose connection and gap between rails. All maintenance is carried out as per manufacturers instructions which also specify the time period (e.g. Weekly, monthly, yearly and before and after use).Prior to operation all control units, alarms, limit switches and joysticks should be operated and checked. If the plant is in regular use checks required by the external surveys should be done more by ships competent staff more often than once a year, even thou regulations require only an annual survey. Operation by Trained Personnel All vessels lifting plant should be operated by trained and certified personnel to avoid damages and improper use of the equipment. Trained personnel should also be appointed to direct the plant operator using approved hand signals as contained in COSWP. Testing Of Lifting Plant As per the manufacturers instructions the testing and certification of the lifting plant should be carried out at maximum intervals of 5 years. This testing is initially carried out after manufacture and installation of the plant at the ship yard under supervision of a competent person from the ship yard. The test is carried out using an approved proof load exceeding the SWL as specified under the merchant shipping regulations. This test is also required to be carried out if: Any repairs or modifications have been done which is likely to affect the SWL or the strength or stability of the equipment. Prior using any crane which has been idle for more than 6 months If it has been involved in an accident or mishap. Rigging Plan The rigging plans should be available at times along with sufficient technical details like: SWL of all fittings A means of identification Boom limiting angles Instructions for replacing wires and sheaves Dismantling procedures Erection procedures Certification and reports The master is to ensure that a certificate is on board within 28 days of a statutory test or examination for at least 2 years following receipt of next certificate. They are to be kept readily available on board for any dock worker using the ships plant. A register of lifting appliances along with items of loose gear are also kept on board. Works Cited Swadi, D (2009), Cargo Notes Dickie Short, Crane Hand book